Chloroplast proteomics: potentials and challenges.

With the available Arabidopsis genome and near-completion of the rice genome sequencing project, large-scale analysis of plant proteins with mass spectrometry has now become possible. Determining the proteome of a cell is a challenging task, which is complicated by proteome dynamics and complexity. The biochemical heterogeneity of proteins constrains the use of standardized analytical procedures and requires demanding techniques for proteome analysis. Several proteome studies of plant cell organelles have been reported, including chloroplasts and mitochondria. Chloroplasts are of particular interest for plant biologists because of their complex biochemical pathways for essential metabolic functions. Information from the chloroplast proteome will therefore provide new insights into pathway compartmentalization and protein sorting. Some approaches for the analysis of the chloroplast proteome and future prospects of plastid proteome research are discussed here.